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1. Enter
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Barcode Technology - UPC-A
Barcode
Hide the description |
The Universal Product Code (UPC)
is a barcode symbology that is
widely used in the United
States, Canada, Europe,
Australia, New Zealand, and
other countries for tracking
trade items in stores. |
Valid characters:
0123456789 |
UPC-A is one of the many
barcode formats currently in
use. |
A Barcode is a method of
representing data in a visual,
machine-readable form. |
The barcode formats has two
categories: |
One-dimensional (1D) ---
Barcodes represented data by
varying the widths and spacings
of parallel lines. |
Two-dimensional (2D) --- Using
rectangles, dots, hexagons and
other geometric patterns to
represented data. |
UPC-A is 1D barcode.
The structure of the UPC A code
is as follows:
The first digit of the UPC A
code says what the code
contains:
0 - normal UPC Code
1 - reserved
2 - articles where the price
varies by the weight:
for example meat. The code is
produced in the store and
attached to the article.
3 - National Drug Code (NDC) and
National Health Related Items
Code (HRI).
4 - UPC Code which can be used
without format limits
5 - coupon
6 - normal UPC Code
7 - normal UPC Code
8 - reserved
9 - reserved
UPC-A has 12 digits. |

The next 5 digits show
the producer of the
article (UPC ID number).
This number is issued by
the Uniform Code Council
(UUC), 7051 Corporate
Way - Suite 201, Dayton,
OH 45359-4292, USA
>The seventh to eleventh
digits show the
individual article
number issued by the
producer.
The last digit is the
check digit. This one is
calculated by the
barcode generator
program automatically. |
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UPC-A consists of 12 numeric
digits that are uniquely
assigned to each trade item. It
is also called UPC 12 and is
very
similar to the EAN code. Along
with the related EAN barcode,
the UPC is the barcode mainly
used for scanning of trade items
at the point of sale, per GS1
specifications. UPC data
structures are a component of
GTINs and follow the global GS1
specification, which is based on
international standards. But
some retailers (clothing,
furniture) do not use the GS1
system (rather other barcode
symbologies or article number
systems). On the other hand,
some retailers use the EAN/UPC
barcode symbology, but without
using a GTIN (for products sold
in their own stores only). |
UPC-A is a subset of EAN-13; in
reality, an UPC-A bar code is an
EAN-13 bar code with the first
EAN-13 number system
digit set to "0". This means
that any hardware or software
capable of reading EAN-13 is
automatically capable of reading
UPC-A. |
NOTE: The UCC Council has
announced that as of January 1,
2005, all products must be
labeled with EAN-13. More
correctly said, all decoding and
related database systems must be
able to handle EAN-13 by this
date. Thus when developing your
system it is best to implement
EAN-13. By implementiong EAN-13
you will automatically be
implementing UPC-A, but will be
ready when the transition to
EAN-13 is complete at the
beginning of 2005. |
Formatting: UPC-A barcodes can
be printed at various densities
to accommodate a variety of
printing and scanning
processes.The x-dimension for
the UPC-A at the nominal size is
0.33 mm (0.013"). Nominal symbol
height for UPC-A is 25.9 mm
(1.02"). The bars forming the S
(start), M (middle), and E (end)
guard patterns, are extended
downwards by 5 times
x-dimension, with a resulting
nominal symbol height of 27.55
mm (1.08"). This also applies to
the bars of the first and last
numerical digit of UPC-A
barcode. UPC-A can be reduced or
magnified anywhere from 80% to
200%.A quiet zone, with a width
of at least 9 times the
x-dimension, must be present on
each side of the scannable area
of the UPC-A barcode. |
Numbering of UPC-A :
(10
possible values per left digit ^
6 left digits) × (10 possible
values per right digit ^ 5 right
digits) = 100,000,000,000. |
Check digit calculation:
The UPC includes a check digit
to detect common data entry
errors.
The UPC-A check digit may be
calculated as follows:
Sum the digits at odd-numbered
positions (first, third,
fifth,..., eleventh).
Multiply the result by 3.
Add the digit sum at
even-numbered positions (second,
fourth, sixth,..., tenth) to the
result.
Find the result modulo 10 (i.e.
the remainder, when divided by
10) and call it M.
If M is zero, then the check
digit is 0; otherwise the check
digit is 10 − M.
For example, in a UPC-A barcode
"03600029145x12", where x12 is
the unknown check digit, x12 may
be calculated by:
Sum the odd-numbered digits (0 +
6 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 5 = 14).
Multiply the result by 3 (14 × 3
= 42).
Add the even-numbered digits (42
+ (3 + 0 + 0 + 9 + 4) = 58).
Find the result modulo 10 (58
mod 10 = 8 = M).
If M is not 0, subtract M from
10 (10 − M = 10 − 8 = 2).
Thus, the check digit x12 is 2.
UPC-A can detect 100% of single
digit errors. |
Variations:
UPC in its most common usage
technically refers to UPC-A.
Other variants of the UPC exist:
UPC-B is a 12-digit version of
UPC with no check digit,
developed for the National Drug
Code (NDC) and National Health
Related Items Code.[failed
verification] It has 11 digits
plus a 1-digit product code, and
is not in common use.
UPC-C is a 12-digit code with a
product code and a check digit;
not in common use.
UPC-D is a variable length code
(12 digits or more) with the
12th digit being the check
digit. These versions are not in
common use.
UPC-E is a 6-digit code, that
has its equivalent in UPC-A
12-digit code with number system
0 or 1.
UPC-2 is a 2-digit supplement to
the UPC used to indicate the
edition of a magazine or
periodical.
UPC-5 is a 5-digit supplement to
the UPC used to indicate
suggested retail price for
books. |
Human Readable:
Most barcodes display their
corresponding values below them,
which makes it possible to human
read and manually enter
the barcode values into the
equivalent system when the
barcode label is worn out and
cannot be read by the barcode
scanner. |
Advantages:
It's not required to label all
articles with the price. The
price is stored in the database
and can be accessed via the
barcode number. There is no need
to manually calculate the price
of the product. You only need to
use the POST system to scan the
EAN barcode on each product
purchased by a customer. Because
each product has its own unique
EAN number, the POST system can
get the corresponding price of
each product in the database and
calculate the total amount. It
is fast and safe because there
is no way to make a mistake.
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